UNIT 3A – MATH FOR AI (Statistics & Probability)

Mathematics is the backbone of Artificial Intelligence.
AI machines learn patterns, make predictions, recognize images, analyse data — all using mathematics.

Your PDF begins by showing number puzzles to help students realise that math teaches pattern recognition.

🧠 1. PATTERNS – THE FOUNDATION OF MATH & AI

What are Patterns?

According to the PDF,

Patterns are recognizable arrangements of numbers, shapes, colours, or sounds.

Examples of patterns:

  • Number pattern: 3, 6, 9, 12… (add 3 every time)
  • Nature patterns: spirals in sunflowers
  • Music beats
  • Shapes on a zebra
  • Fibonacci series

Why patterns matter?

Patterns help us:

  • Solve puzzles
  • Predict what comes next
  • Understand behaviour
  • Simplify complex problems

In AI:

AI recognises patterns in:

  • Faces
  • Emotions
  • Handwriting
  • Weather data
  • Speech
  • Customer behaviour

Example shown in PDF: AI detecting emotions from human faces (page 204 image).

🧮 2. HOW MATH & AI ARE RELATED

The PDF explains:

  • Humans learn from patterns
  • AI also learns from patterns
  • Maths is the language AI uses to detect patterns

Why AI needs math?

  1. Math = Language of Numbers
    AI uses numbers to understand images, videos, speech.
    Example: Self-driving car reads sensor numbers → decides to brake.
  2. AI algorithms are built using math
    Algorithms use:
  • Probability
  • Statistics
  • Algebra
  • Calculus
  1. Training AI requires math
    We must clean, organise, and interpret data before training AI.
    This is taught through statistics.
  2. AI predicts using math
    Weather forecasting, stock prediction, disease detection — all require math.

🔢 3. ESSENTIAL MATH FOR AI (PAGE 204–207)

Your PDF lists four major branches of math used in AI:

1️⃣ Statistics – Exploring Data

Statistics helps us:

  • Collect data
  • Clean data
  • Analyse data
  • Interpret patterns

PDF says:

Statistics turns raw numbers into knowledge.

2️⃣ Probability – Predicting Events

Probability tells how likely an event is.
AI uses probability to:

  • Predict weather
  • Recommend movies
  • Detect fraud
  • Classify images

3️⃣ Linear Algebra – Understanding Images

AI sees images as pixel grids (matrices).
Linear algebra helps AI:

  • Detect shapes
  • Extract edges
  • Recognize faces

4️⃣ Calculus – Training AI Models

Calculus helps AI optimise learning.
Used in:

  • Gradient descent
  • Neural networks

🧮 4. EXAMPLES OF MATH IN AI

✔ Facial recognition

Uses:

  • Matrices
  • Linear algebra
  • Probability

✔ Recommendation systems

Use:

  • Probability
  • Statistics

✔ Weather forecasting

Uses:

  • Probability
  • Statistical patterns

📊 5. STATISTICS – DETAILED EXPLANATION (Pages 207–212)

Statistics = Turn data into useful information.

The 4 steps of statistics:

  1. Collecting Data
    Through surveys, interviews, experiments
  2. Cleaning Data
    Fixing missing or wrong values
  3. Analysing Data
    Finding:
  • Averages
  • Trends
  • Variations
  1. Drawing Conclusions
    Find meaningful insights

📌 Applications of Statistics (EXPLAINED)

🏥 1. Healthcare

Used to track diseases, patient recovery
Example: COVID-19 tracking

🌧 2. Weather Forecasting

Computers compare weather data with past patterns
PDF mentions Google GraphCast AI model

🌀 3. Disaster Management

Used to:

  • Warn people
  • Track population
  • Plan rescue resources

🏏 4. Sports

Analysing batting averages, player performance

🏫 5. Education

Understanding student performance

🌊 6. CASE STUDY: 2004 INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI (PAGES 210–212)

Very important example your PDF uses to show how statistics saves lives.

It includes:

  • Magnitude of earthquake: 9.1–9.3
  • Deaths: 230,000–280,000
  • Countries affected: Indonesia, India, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Maldives

Statistics helps in:

  • Identifying worst-hit regions
  • Allocating resources
  • Improving emergency response
  • Planning future preparedness

🎲 7. PROBABILITY – FULL EXPLANATION (Pages 213–218)

Probability = Chances of an event happening

Formula given in PDF:
[
P(A) = \frac{\text{Favourable outcomes}}{\text{Total outcomes}}
]

Example: Tossing a coin

  • Favourable outcomes for Heads = 1
  • Total outcomes = 2
    [
    P(H) = \frac{1}{2}
    ]

🎯 8. TYPES OF EVENTS (Probability Spectrum)

Your PDF beautifully explains using diagrams (pages 215–217):

✔ Impossible event → Probability = 0

Example: Picking a red ball from a bag with only blue balls.

✔ Unlikely event → Probability low

Example: Getting struck by lightning twice.

✔ Even Chance → 50% probability

Example: Tossing a fair coin.

✔ Likely event → High probability

Example: 70% chance of rain.

✔ Certain event → Probability = 1

Example: Sun will rise tomorrow.

The PDF uses 4 real-life scenarios to show all these.

🏏 9. REAL-LIFE USES OF PROBABILITY (Page 218)

Probability is used to predict:

  • Cricket performance
  • Weather
  • Traffic
  • Games (dice, cards)

🧩 10. IMPORTANT TERMS (Page 218)

✔ Statistics – exploring data
✔ Probability – predicting events
✔ Linear Algebra – matrices
✔ Calculus – optimising models

📚 11. FULL EXERCISE SECTION (PAGES 219–222)

Includes:

✔ MCQs

✔ Fill in the blanks
✔ Match the following
✔ Short answers
✔ Long answers
✔ Scenario-based questions

All these are based on:

  • Patterns
  • Statistics
  • Probability
  • Real-life data
  • AI connections